Fig 1: The relative Gfap and Aif1 mRNA expressions in the rat brain structures of control (Ctrl) or epilepsy (TLE) groups that received water (Veh) or B. longum (BL). Kruskal–Wallis H test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test. Dorsal hippocampus (Gfap—H = 21.9; p < 0.001; Aif1—H = 22.9; p < 0.001), ventral hippocampus (Gfap—H = 18.8; p < 0.001; Aif1—H = 16.0; p < 0.001), temporal cortex (Gfap—H = 15.3; p < 0.001; Aif1—H = 8.0; p < 0.05), and amygdala (Gfap—H = 17.4; p < 0.001; Aif1—H = 18.2; p < 0.001). Dunn’s multiple comparison test: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Data are presented as median and interquartile range. Each data point represents the result of a single animal.